1. Technical Architecture of Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles operate using a complex architecture that integrates hardware and software components. The key layers include:

• Perception Layer: Utilizes sensors like lidar, radar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors to gather real-time data about the environment.
• Localization and Mapping: Combines GPS data with high-definition maps to determine the vehicle's precise location.
• Path Planning: Algorithms analyze real-time data to plan optimal routes, considering traffic conditions, speed limits, and obstacles.
• Control Systems: Execute commands for steering, braking, and acceleration based on the planned path.