5. Software and Firmware in Autonomous Vehicles

The software architecture includes:

• Operating Systems: Manage hardware resources and ensure real-time performance.
• Middleware: Facilitates communication between hardware and application layers.
• Application Software: Controls autonomous driving functions, navigation, diagnostics, and user interfaces.
• Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates: Enable remote updates to improve software without physical intervention.

Software security is critical to prevent unauthorized access and ensure system integrity.